Conservare le risorse idriche per uno sviluppo sostenibile
It is not hard to identify the Earth at a glance from space: the huge blue patches made up of expanses of water differentiate our planet from other visible planets because they cover three quarters of its surface. This is why protecting water resources is so important for the Earth's well-being and, as a result, ours. Accordingly, the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development introduced in 2015 includes a goal dedicated to protecting life underwater.
Our oceans make up 99% of living space by volume
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development has various targets. The principle targets to be achieved over the next ten years include: - By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, particularly from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution. - Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels. - By 2030, increase the economic benefits to SIDS and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. - Ensure the full implementation of international law for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by their parties. - Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacities and transfer marine technology taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular SIDS and LDCs.
“Conservare e utilizzare in modo durevole gli oceani, i mari e le risorse marine per uno sviluppo sostenibile’’ questo è l’impegno dell’obiettivo 14 che si articola in numerosi target. Tra i principali traguardi da raggiungere nei prossimi dieci anni:
- Prevenire e ridurre in modo significativo ogni forma di inquinamento marino, in particolar modo quello derivante da attività esercitate sulla terraferma, compreso l’inquinamento dei detriti marini e delle sostanze nutritive entro il 2025.
- Ridurre al minimo e affrontare gli effetti dell’acidificazione degli oceani, anche attraverso una maggiore collaborazione scientifica su tutti i livelli.
- Aumentare i benefici economici dei piccoli Stati insulari in via di sviluppo e dei Paesi meno sviluppati, facendo ricorso a un utilizzo più sostenibile delle risorse marine, compresa la gestione sostenibile della pesca, dell’acquacoltura e del turismo entro il 2030.
- Potenziare la conservazione e l’utilizzo sostenibile degli oceani e delle loro risorse applicando il diritto internazionale per la conservazione e per l’utilizzo sostenibile degli oceani e delle loro risorse.
- Aumentare la conoscenza scientifica, sviluppare la capacità di ricerca e di trasmissione della tecnologia marina, tenendo in considerazione i criteri e le linee guida della Commissione Oceanografica Intergovernativa sul Trasferimento di Tecnologia Marina, con lo scopo di migliorare la salute dell’oceano e di aumentare il contributo della biodiversità marina allo sviluppo dei Paesi emergenti.
L’importanza delle risorse d’acqua
Why is SDG 14 so important? Because it covers the management of the planet's largest ecosystem: our seas and oceans make up 97% of the water present in our planet and their surfaces are three times greater than the sum of all our continents. This enormous ecosystem's impact on our life is huge as shown by data provided directly by the United Nations: - Seas and oceans provide roughly half the oxygen necessary for life and absorb one third of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. - The oceans host approximately 200,000 identified species. - The oceans are the largest reserve of protein in the world, with more than three billion people dependant on the oceans as their main source of protein. - 40% of the earth's oceans is heavily affected by human activity, whose impacts include pollution, depletion of fisheries and the loss of natural habitats along the coasts.
The equivalent of a lorry load of plastic is dumped in the sea every minute.
The temperature, chemical composition, currents and life of the oceans drive the global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. Our rainwater, drinking water, food, the oxygen in the air we breathe, weather and climate are all provided and regulated by the sea. All these facts point to an inescapable truth: the correct management of water resources is fundamental for a sustainable future.
La temperatura, la composizione chimica, le correnti e la vita degli oceani hanno influenza sui sistemi globali che rendono la terra un luogo più o meno vivibile. Il mare regola e ha impatto sull’acqua piovana, sull’acqua che beviamo, sul nostro cibo, sull’ossigeno presente nell’aria, sul meteo e sul clima. In definitiva, tutti questi elementi dovrebbero bastare ad attestare una verità ineluttabile: alla base di un futuro sostenibile vi è la corretta gestione delle risorse idriche.
Indietro sull’obiettivo 14
‘Oceans are the point at which planet, people, and prosperity come together. And that is what sustainable development is about. It is about all of us as shareholders of Earth, incorporated, acknowledging and acting on our responsibility to the planet, to the people, and to its bloodstream, the oceans." In 2012, Elizabeth Thompson, Co-Executive Coordinator for the Rio+20 Conference at Oceans Day, stressed the importance of the ocean resources. However, eleven years after this statement, the situation is not very reassuring: pollution and misuse of the oceans are threatening the survival of more than 200,000 living species. Research carried out by the Commonwealth Industrial and Scientific Organisation provides a frightening figure: there are around 14.4 million tonnes of microplastics on the seafloor. This is more than double the plastic pollution on the earth's surface. The WWF's most recent report on sustainable development sounds the alarm on the failed progress on SDG 14. Progress is only being made on two of the six targets related to the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. The lack of monitoring and accurate reports makes it difficult to assess the successful achievement of the targets.
Focus on the marine environment is increasing but financing continues to be inadequate
Despite the social and economic importance of the seas to our country, Italy continues to be one of the EU member states making little progress. With respect to the targets of SDG 14, the member states must do more to reduce all forms of marine pollution, especially waste from land-based activities dumped in the sea. The protection of the marine ecosystem through resilience strategies that guarantee its restoration and return to its initial nature state is a key issue. All the large-scale activities like fishing and the acidification of the waters must be scaled back to achieve this.
Nonostante l’importanza socio-economica rivestita dal mare per il nostro Paese, l’Italia risulta tra gli Stati membri che presentano importanti inadempienze. In generale, per raggiungere i traguardi definiti dall’obiettivo 14, i Paesi aderenti dovranno fare di più per ridurre ogni forma di inquinamento marino con particolare attenzione a quello derivante da attività sulla terraferma come lo scarico di rifiuti. Il focus rimane però la protezione dell’ecosistema marino attraverso strategie di resilienza che ne garantiscano il ripristino e il ritorno allo stato naturale iniziale. Per garantire ciò, dovranno essere ridimensionate tutte le attività su larga scala come la pesca e l’acidificazione delle acque.
Aziende virtuose: liberare gli oceani dalla plastica
While the EU member states are failing to meet their objectives, there are many companies that have taken steps to reduce their impact on seas and oceans. Examples of these environmentally-conscious companies are the well-known sportswear brand, Adidas, which partners with the environmental organisation Parley, to deal with the huge quantity of plastic in the oceans. They firstly found how the plastic we throw away becomes part of the food chain that kills marine fauna and destroys the marine environment. For example: if the quantity of waste that ends up in the oceans does not change over time, by 2050 they will contain more plastic than fish. Adidas decided to start by reusing plastic: waste abandoned on the beaches and along the coasts is recovered and transformed into a raw material that is used to manufacture an entire clothing line. In 2015, the company developed the first sneaker model created with yarns and filaments reclaimed and recycled from ocean waste and gillnets recovered from the depth of the ocean. Since then, Adidas has extended its production to millions of shoes and an entire line of high performance clothing. From 2015 to 2019, its partnership with Parley has ensured a very impressive 2,810 tonnes of plastic have been kept out of the oceans.
By 2050, oceans will host more plastic than fish
Another example is Lush - the UK brand of hand-made cosmetics. It decided to reduce product packaging to the absolute minimum and sells its products "naked", without any packaging, whenever possible. If it cannot eliminate plastic, Lush opts for reusable and recyclable materials. Its sustainability policy goes far beyond its products as seen with the opening of its first "naked" plastic-free store in Milan in 2018. The Via Torino store sells completely packaging-free solid products to raise awareness about alternative cosmetics that do not require the massive use of plastic.
Altro esempio virtuoso è quello di Lush – marchio britannico di cosmetici rigorosamente fatti a mano - che ha deciso di ridurre il packaging dei prodotti al minimo indispensabile e dove possibile vendere i prodotti nudi, senza alcun tipo di confezione. Laddove la plastica non è totalmente eliminabile, Lush opta per materiale riutilizzabile e riciclabile. La sostenibilità dell’azienda si spinge aldilà del prodotto: nel 2018 Lush ha inaugurato il primo naked shop senza plastica a Milano. Nello store di Via Torino sono in vendita prodotti solidi e nudi per sensibilizzare ad una cosmesi alternativa che non richiede l’impiego massivo di plastica.
